OT Services and Areas of Treatment

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

How ASD Affects a Child’s Daily Life:

Children with ASD often experience difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviours. These challenges can impact their ability to engage in everyday activities, such as playing with peers, following instructions, and participating in family routines. For example, a child with ASD might struggle to understand social cues, making it difficult to make friends or engage in cooperative play. They may also have difficulty with sensory processing, leading to overstimulation or meltdowns in certain environments. This can make seemingly simple tasks, like going to the grocery store or attending a birthday party, overwhelming and challenging.  

Occupational Therapy Interventions for ASD:

OTs use a variety of play-based and sensory-motor activities to help children with ASD develop essential skills. Some common interventions include:  

• Social skills training: OTs use strategies like social stories and role-playing to teach children appropriate social behaviours. For instance, an OT might use role-playing to help a child learn how to initiate a conversation with a peer or to practice different ways to respond in social situations.  
• Sensory integration therapy: This therapy helps children regulate their responses to sensory input, reducing sensory overload and promoting self-regulation. This might involve activities like swinging, playing in a ball pit, or using textured materials to help the child become more comfortable with different sensations.  
• Developing a sensory diet: This involves incorporating activities and strategies throughout the day to provide the child with the sensory input they need to stay focused, organized, and regulated. This might include activities like swinging, jumping, deep pressure touch, playing with different textures, and using fidget tools. The goal is to help the child achieve a “just right” state of alertness and arousal, enabling them to better participate in daily activities and learning.
• Fine motor skill development: Activities like puzzles, drawing, and playdough help improve hand-eye coordination and dexterity, which are important for tasks like writing and dressing. An OT might work with a child on activities like stringing beads, using tweezers to pick up small objects, or completing puzzles to improve their fine motor control.   Our OT works with our Physiotherapists to build gross motor skills to make this treatment more wholistic and efficient.
• Daily living skills training: OTs help children learn self-care skills, such as dressing, toileting, and feeding themselves. This might involve breaking down tasks into smaller steps, providing visual cues, and using positive reinforcement to encourage independence.  
• Addressing feeding and swallowing challenges: Some OTs have specialized training to help children with ASD who have difficulties with eating and swallowing. They can assess the child’s specific needs and develop a treatment plan to address issues such as picky eating, food aversions, or difficulty chewing and swallowing.   Our OT works with Speech Pathology and Dieticians to achieve best outcomes.

Goals of Occupational Therapy for ASD:

The primary goal of OT for children with ASD is to improve their ability to participate in meaningful activities and engage with their environment. This includes:  

• Enhancing social skills and communication.  
• Improving sensory processing and self-regulation.  
• Increasing independence in daily living skills.  
• Developing play skills and fostering creativity.  

Examples of How OT Can Help Children with ASD:

• A child who struggles with transitions may learn calming strategies to manage anxiety and move between activities more smoothly. For example, the OT might introduce a visual timer to help the child anticipate transitions and provide a structured routine to follow.
• A child with sensory sensitivities may learn to tolerate different textures and sounds, allowing them to participate in activities they previously avoided. For instance, through gradual exposure and sensory play, a child who dislikes the feeling of grass might learn to enjoy playing outside with their peers.
• A child who has difficulty with fine motor skills may improve their handwriting and ability to manipulate objects. This could involve using adaptive tools, such as pencil grips, or practicing activities like cutting with scissors and drawing to improve their hand-eye coordination.
• A child who struggles with mealtimes due to sensory aversions or difficulty with chewing and swallowing may learn to enjoy a wider variety of foods and develop safe eating habits with the help of an OT.

 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

How ADHD Affects a Child’s Daily Life:

Children with ADHD often experience challenges with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These challenges can affect their ability to focus at school and at home to follow instructions and complete tasks.

For example, a child with ADHD might have difficulty staying seated, completing assignments, or controlling their impulses. They may also struggle with organisation and time management, leading to difficulties with homework and daily routines.

According to Dr. Russell Barkley, a leading researcher in the field of ADHD, children with this condition often experience a developmental delay in executive functions, lagging approximately 30% behind their neurotypical peers. This discrepancy is not indicative of lower intelligence but rather stems from challenges in generating the necessary “will” or motivation to effectively utilize these executive functions. This can make it difficult for them to plan, organize, and regulate their behaviour, impacting various aspects of their lives, including academics, social interactions, and daily activities. Therefore, it’s crucial to provide appropriate support and interventions to help these children develop these essential skills and thrive in their environments.

Occupational Therapy Interventions for ADHD:

OTs use a variety of strategies to help children with ADHD improve their attention, organization, and self-regulation skills. Some common interventions include:  

• Environmental modifications: OTs may recommend changes to the child’s environment, such as creating a designated workspace or minimising distractions, to improve focus. This might involve organising the child’s bedroom, removing unnecessary clutter from their workspace, or using visual cues to help them stay on task.  
• Organizational strategies: OTs teach children strategies for organising their belongings, managing their time, and planning tasks. This might involve using checklists, color-coding systems, or visual timers to help the child stay organised and manage their time effectively.  
• Sensory modulation techniques: OTs may use sensory strategies, such as fidget toys or movement breaks, to help children regulate their arousal levels and improve attention. This might involve incorporating sensory activities into the child’s day, such as allowing them to stand while working or providing opportunities for movement breaks.  
• Social skills training: OTs may work with children on social skills, such as turn-taking, listening, and following social rules. This might involve role-playing, social stories, or group activities to help the child develop appropriate social behaviours.  
• Behavioural management strategies: OTs may use positive reinforcement and other behavioural strategies to help children manage their impulses and improve self-control. This might involve creating a reward system, setting clear expectations, and providing consistent feedback to encourage positive behaviours.  
• Observing the individual in their environment: OT for ADHD can involve observing the child in their natural environment, such as their home or classroom, to identify challenges and develop strategies to support their participation. This allows the OT to tailor interventions to the child’s specific needs and context.  
• Stress management and improving perceived performance: OT principles can be applied to help individuals with ADHD manage stress and improve their perceived performance, even into adulthood. This might involve teaching relaxation techniques, time management skills, and strategies for coping with challenges.  

Goals of Occupational Therapy for ADHD:

The main goal of OT for children with ADHD is to help them manage their symptoms and participate more successfully in school, home, and social activities. This includes:  

• Improving attention and focus.  
• Enhancing organizational and time management skills.  
• Developing self-regulation strategies.  
• Increasing independence in daily tasks.  
• Improving social skills and interactions.  

Examples of How OT Can Help Children with ADHD:

• A child who struggles to focus in class may learn to use a visual timer or organize their workspace to minimize distractions. This could involve using a timer to break down tasks into smaller chunks or creating a designated workspace with limited visual and auditory distractions.
• A child who has difficulty completing homework may learn to break down tasks into smaller steps and use a checklist to stay on track. This might involve creating a visual schedule for homework time or using a reward system to motivate the child to complete their assignments.
• A child who is impulsive may learn to use strategies like deep breathing or taking a break to manage their behaviour. An OT might teach the child mindfulness techniques or provide them with a “calm down” space where they can go to regulate their emotions.
• A child who struggles with morning routines may learn to use a visual schedule and organize their belongings the night before to make mornings smoother. This could involve creating a checklist of morning tasks or using a visual timer to help the child stay on schedule.

 

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)

How SPD Affects a Child’s Daily Life:

Children with SPD have difficulty processing sensory information from their environment. This can lead to over- or under-responsiveness to sensory input, affecting their ability to participate in everyday activities. For example, a child with SPD might be overly sensitive to loud noises or certain textures, leading to meltdowns or avoidance behaviours. They might also seek out intense sensory experiences, such as spinning or crashing into objects. This can make it challenging for them to engage in typical childhood activities, such as playing with friends, attending school, or participating in family outings.  

Occupational Therapy Interventions for SPD:

OTs use a variety of sensory-based interventions to help children with SPD regulate their responses to sensory input. Some common interventions include:  

• Sensory integration therapy: This therapy involves providing controlled sensory input in a safe and playful environment to help children develop adaptive responses. For example, an OT might use a swing, a trampoline, or a variety of textured materials to provide vestibular, proprioceptive, and tactile input to help the child regulate their sensory system. A study showed that OT-SI led to significant improvements in cognitive, social, and behavioural outcomes for children with Sensory Over-Responsivity.  

• Sensory diets: This involves incorporating activities and strategies throughout the day to provide the child with the sensory input they need to stay focused, organized, and regulated. This might include activities like swinging, jumping, deep pressure touch, playing with different textures, and using fidget tools. The goal is to help the child achieve a “just right” state of alertness and arousal, enabling them to better participate in daily activities and learning.

• Deep pressure input: Techniques like weighted blankets, hugs, and massages can help calm and organize children who are over-responsive to sensory input. This can be particularly helpful for children who become easily overwhelmed in busy or noisy environments.  
• Environmental modifications: OTs may recommend changes to the child’s environment, such as reducing clutter or providing quiet spaces, to minimize sensory overload. This might involve creating a sensory-friendly corner in the classroom or adjusting the child’s bedroom to promote relaxation and sleep.  
• Brushing techniques: Using a soft-bristled brush in a specific way can provide deep pressure and help regulate sensory responses. An OT can teach parents how to use this technique at home to help their child manage sensory sensitivities throughout the day.  

Goals of Occupational Therapy for SPD:

The main goal of OT for children with SPD is to help them process sensory information more effectively and participate in daily activities without distress. This includes:  

• Improving self-regulation and sensory modulation.  
• Increasing participation in play and social activities.  
• Developing adaptive responses to sensory challenges.  
• Enhancing overall quality of life.  

Examples of How OT Can Help Children with SPD:

• A child who is sensitive to loud noises may learn to use noise-cancelling headphones or find quiet spaces to regulate themselves. This could involve creating a “calm down” corner in the classroom or having a designated quiet space at home where the child can retreat when feeling overwhelmed.
• A child who avoids messy play may gradually become more comfortable with different textures through sensory exploration activities. An OT might use playdough, finger paints, or sand to introduce different textures in a fun and engaging way.
• A child who seeks out intense sensory input may learn to engage in more appropriate sensory-seeking behaviours. For example, instead of crashing into furniture, the child might be encouraged to jump on a trampoline or swing on a swing to fulfill their sensory needs.
• A child who struggles with getting dressed due to tactile sensitivities may learn to tolerate different fabrics and clothing textures through desensitization techniques and adaptive strategies.

 

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

How DCD Affects a Child’s Daily Life:

Children with DCD have difficulties with motor coordination, affecting their ability to perform everyday tasks such as dressing, writing, and playing sports. These challenges can impact their self-esteem and participation in school and social activities. For example, a child with DCD might struggle with handwriting, buttoning clothes, or catching a ball. They may also have difficulty with gross motor skills, such as running and jumping, which can make it challenging to participate in physical education classes or play with peers. In school, children with DCD may have trouble sitting at their desk, moving around the classroom safely, and completing work independently. Leisure activities can also be problematic, as the child may avoid sports and active games, exhibit social awkwardness, and become sedentary. It’s important to note that there are no medications to treat DCD; occupational therapy and physiotherapy are the key treatments.  

Occupational Therapy Interventions for DCD:

OTs use a variety of activity-based interventions to help children with DCD improve their motor skills and coordination. Some common interventions include:  

• Gross motor skill development: Activities like obstacle courses, ball games, and playground activities help improve balance, coordination, and strength. An OT might create a fun obstacle course in the therapy gym to challenge the child’s balance and coordination while promoting physical activity.   At Alara we work together with our Peads Physiotherapists for a wholistic approach to success.
• Fine motor skill development: Activities like puzzles, drawing, and cutting with scissors help improve hand-eye coordination and dexterity. An OT might work with a child on activities like threading beads, building with blocks, or completing age-appropriate crafts to refine their fine motor skills.  
• Self-care skills training: OTs help children learn strategies to manage tasks like dressing, grooming, toileting and eating independently. This might involve practicing buttoning and zipping clothes, using adaptive utensils for eating, or learning techniques for tying shoelaces.   If the child struggles with continence our OT and Physios work together to create individual strategies for each child and family.
• Adaptive equipment: OTs may recommend assistive devices, such as pencil grips or modified utensils, to help children with DCD perform tasks more easily. These tools can help compensate for motor difficulties and promote greater independence in daily activities.  

Goals of Occupational Therapy for DCD:

The primary goal of OT for children with DCD is to improve their motor coordination and functional skills, enabling them to participate in daily activities with greater ease and confidence. This includes:  

• Enhancing gross and fine motor skills.  
• Increasing independence in self-care tasks.  
• Improving handwriting and other academic skills.  
• Building self-esteem and confidence.  

Examples of How OT Can Help Children with DCD:

• A child who struggles with handwriting may learn to use adaptive grips or practice specific exercises to improve their control and legibility. This could involve using a slant board, practicing letter formation, or engaging in activities that strengthen hand muscles.
• A child who has difficulty with dressing may learn to use adaptive techniques or modified clothing to make the task easier. For example, they might learn to use a button hook or practice dressing with clothes that have larger buttons or Velcro fasteners until they can master buttons.
• A child who avoids physical activities may gradually improve their coordination and confidence through engaging games and activities. An OT might use games like hopscotch, throwing and catching a ball, or riding a scooter to make exercise fun and build the child’s motor skills.

 

 

Primitive Reflexes

OT and Primitive Reflexes

Primitive reflexes are automatic movements that babies are born with to help them survive and develop. These reflexes should typically integrate (disappear) as the child grows and their nervous system matures. However, sometimes these reflexes are retained, which can affect a child’s development and ability to participate in everyday activities.  

How OTs Help:

• Identification: OTs are trained to identify retained primitive reflexes through observation and assessment.  
• Integration: OTs use a variety of techniques and activities to help integrate these reflexes, including movement-based activities, sensory input, and specific exercises.  
• Functional Skills: By integrating primitive reflexes, OTs help children develop the foundational skills needed for higher-level motor skills, sensory processing, and overall development.  

Goals of OT for Primitive Reflexes:

• Improve motor coordination and control.  
• Enhance sensory processing and integration.
• Increase independence in daily activities.
• Support academic learning and cognitive development.
• Improve social skills and emotional regulation.
• Enhance overall quality of life.

By addressing retained primitive reflexes, OTs help children overcome challenges and reach their full potential.

 

 

Occupational Therapists (OTs) and Continence

Occupational therapists play a crucial role in helping children with continence issues. They take a holistic approach, considering the child’s physical, sensory, emotional, and cognitive abilities to develop an individualized treatment plan.  

How OTs Help:

• Developing Toileting Routines: OTs work with children to establish consistent toileting routines, including scheduled bathroom breaks and strategies for recognizing and responding to body signals.  
• Understanding Interoception: OTs help children develop interoceptive awareness, which is the ability to sense what’s happening inside their bodies, such as the feeling of a full bladder or the urge to have a bowel movement. This awareness is crucial for recognising and responding to toileting needs.  
• Managing Bowel and Bladder Issues: OTs provide strategies and interventions to address specific bowel and bladder issues, such as constipation, faecal incontinence, and urinary incontinence.  
• Adapting the Environment: OTs can recommend modifications to the environment to make toileting easier and more accessible, such as providing adaptive equipment, adjusting clothing, and ensuring a comfortable and private bathroom space.  
• Promoting Proprioception: OTs incorporate activities that enhance proprioception, which is the awareness of body position and movement. This can help children develop better control over their pelvic floor muscles, which are essential for bladder and bowel control.  

Goals of OT for Continence:

• Improve bladder and bowel control.
• Increase independence in toileting.
• Reduce the frequency of accidents.
• Enhance awareness of body signals (interoception).
• Develop better control over pelvic floor muscles (proprioception).
• Improve self-esteem and confidence.
• Increase participation in daily activities.

By working with an OT, children with continence issues can gain the skills and confidence they need to manage their toileting needs effectively and participate more fully in their daily lives.

OT and Physiotherapy: A Collaborative Approach

At Alara Kids, our Occupational Therapists (OTs) and Physiotherapists (PTs) work closely together to achieve the best possible outcomes for your child. We recognize that a child’s physical abilities are closely intertwined with their ability to participate in daily activities and reach their developmental milestones.

How OTs and PTs Collaborate:

• Gross Motor Skills: PTs focus on improving gross motor skills such as walking, running, jumping, and climbing. OTs build upon these skills by helping children use their improved strength and coordination for functional activities like playing on playground equipment, participating in sports, and navigating their environment with greater ease.  
• Fine Motor Skills: OTs specialize in developing fine motor skills, such as handwriting, using scissors, and manipulating small objects. PTs contribute by addressing underlying postural control and upper body strength, which provide a stable base for refined hand movements.  
• Sensory Processing: Both OTs and PTs address sensory processing difficulties. PTs may focus on vestibular and proprioceptive input to improve balance and coordination, while OTs address a wider range of sensory issues, including tactile sensitivities and sensory modulation, to support overall engagement in activities.  
• Joint Assessments: When a child requires both OT and PT services, our therapists conduct joint assessments to gain a comprehensive understanding of the child’s needs and develop coordinated treatment plans.  
• Shared Goals: OTs and PTs often work towards shared goals, such as improving a child’s independence in daily activities, enhancing their participation in play, and promoting their overall well-being.  

By combining their expertise and working collaboratively, our OTs and PTs provide comprehensive and effective support to help your child reach their full potential.